Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) refers to a congenital abnormality in the septum between the atria and ventricles. AVSD is a common type of congenital heart disease and is typically diagnosed at birth. AVSD causes an increase in the mixing of blood between the heart chambers, which can lead to problems when the oxygenated blood does not reach the tissues that require it. There are two main types of AVSD:
Partial AVSD: This type has a hole in the septum located below the atria and above the ventricles.
Complete AVSD: This type has a large hole in the septum located above the atria and below the ventricles.
The symptoms and severity of AVSD can vary depending on the size of the hole, its impact on other structures of the heart, and individual factors. If left untreated, AVSD can lead to heart failure, hypertension, and other serious heart problems over time. Therefore, surgical intervention is often necessary when AVSD is diagnosed. Regular monitoring and evaluation of heart health are important after surgery.
Causes of Atrioventricular Septal Defect
The exact causes of atrioventricular septal defect are not fully understood, but several factors are believed to trigger this heart abnormality:
Genetic Factors: Family history can increase the risk of AVSD.
Environmental Factors: Environmental factors that the mother is exposed to during pregnancy can increase the risk of AVSD.
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Certain chromosomal disorders, such as Down syndrome, can increase the risk of AVSD.
Other Heart Anomalies: AVSD is sometimes associated with other congenital heart abnormalities.
Medication Use: The use of certain medications by the mother during pregnancy can increase the risk of congenital heart diseases.
Symptoms of Atrioventricular Septal Defect
The symptoms of atrioventricular septal defect can vary depending on the patient’s age, the size of the defect, and other factors:
- Rapid breathing
- Difficulty breathing
- Feeding difficulties
- Rapid heartbeat
- Cyanosis or bluish discoloration of the mouth
- Enlarged liver
- Recurrent respiratory infections
Diagnosis of Atrioventricular Septal Defect
The diagnosis of atrioventricular septal defect is made using a series of clinical and diagnostic tests:
Physical Examination: The doctor carefully evaluates the patient’s medical history and symptoms.
Blood Tests: Blood tests can provide information about heart function and oxygen levels.
Electrocardiogram: It can be used to evaluate the symptoms of AVSD and its effects on heart rhythm.
Chest X-ray: It can be used to evaluate symptoms such as heart enlargement or blood accumulation in the lungs.
Echocardiography: It is used to assess the type, size, and effects of AVSD.
Transesophageal Echocardiography: This is a more detailed type of echocardiography that provides closer and more detailed images of the heart through a probe inserted into the esophagus.
Treatment of Atrioventricular Septal Defect
The treatment of atrioventricular septal defect can vary depending on the type of heart defect, the patient’s age, the severity of symptoms, and other individual factors:
Surgical Repair: It should be noted that AVSD is a congenital heart disease that usually requires surgical intervention.
Medical Treatment: Medical treatment options can be considered for patients with mild symptoms or those who are not suitable for surgery.
Monitoring and Follow-up: Patients diagnosed with AVSD require regular doctor check-ups.
Special Situations and Complications: Some children with AVSD may have other medical problems.
Management of Atrioventricular Septal Defect
The management of atrioventricular septal defect can vary depending on the patient’s age, the severity of symptoms, the type of defect, and other individual factors:
Regular Monitoring: Patients diagnosed with AVSD need regular doctor check-ups.
Medical Treatment: Medical treatment options can be considered for patients with mild symptoms or those who are not suitable for surgery.
Surgical Repair: Most cases of AVSD require surgical intervention.
Nutrition and Growth Monitoring: Nutrition and growth monitoring are important, especially for infants and children.
Genetic Counseling: Some cases of AVSD may be associated with genetic factors.
Monitoring of Other Medical Problems: Some children with AVSD may have other medical problems.